Physiology

Homeostasis, feedback loops, set points, and the fundamental principles of body function.

Negative and positive feedback. Temperature, glucose, and blood pressure regulation.

Cardiac output, stroke volume, blood pressure, Starling's law, and the ECG.

Lung volumes, V/Q ratio, oxygen delivery, CO₂ transport, and respiratory control.

GFR, tubular reabsorption, RAAS system, ADH, and acid-base regulation.

Action potentials, synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters, and the blood-brain barrier.

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreatic hormones and their clinical disorders.

Digestion, absorption, GI motility, secretions, and gut hormones.

Innate responses, adaptive immunity, cytokines, inflammation, and complement.

Sliding filament theory, motor units, muscle fibre types, and fatigue.

HPG axis, menstrual cycle, pregnancy hormones, and parturition.

Growth hormone, IGF-1, puberty, ageing, and developmental milestones.

Blood components, haematopoiesis, coagulation cascade, and blood groups.

Thermogenesis, heat dissipation, fever, hypothermia, and heat stroke.

The three energy systems, cardiac output, VO₂ max, thermoregulation, and how the body adapts to training.

Sympathetic activation, adrenaline, the HPA axis, cortisol, and the health costs of chronic stress.

Buffers, the lungs, and the kidneys as the three defences of blood pH, plus acidosis, alkalosis, and compensation.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus, melatonin, REM vs non-REM stages, sleep pressure, jet lag, and shift work.